European standard U shaped sheet piling include SPU18-1 SPU22-1 SPU28 and SPU32 profiles.The maximum intended load capacities of ladders that are SPU18-1 used. Prefabricated modular walls shall be dimensioned to ensure that the minimum factor of safeties required for sliding and overturning are satisfied as well as the eccentricity of the base reaction not exceeding the maximum allowed. Beware of SPU22-1 potential for reversal of skin friction against the back side of the retaining wall! You should also be aware of the difference in assumed skin friction, depending on whether the wall stem was poured in-place against the roughened SPU28 earth, or poured against smooth concrete forms.These requirements apply to each tier of a tiered wall. In addition the minimum factor of safety for foundation bearing capacity shall be satisfied, as well as overall stability requirements as provided in Article 5.2.2.3.
Sheet pile SPU16 SPU20 SPU25 shall have a ladder safety inspection program with a competent person designated to make such inspections. This MBU wall probably failed because of a lack of adequate subdrainage just below a landscaped yard. Other factors may have included slope creep and corrosion of the stem wall reinforcement.
The minimum embedment depth of the bottom of SPU32 prefabricated modular wall shall be based on bearing capacity, settlement and stability requirements also the effects of frost heave, scour, proximity to SPU16 slopes, erosion, and the potential future excavation in front of the wall shall be considered. Ladders with broken or missing rungs or steps, broken or split side rails or other damage shall be immediately SPU20 removed from service by tagging "out of service" and removing it from the work area by the end of shift. 8. Ladders shall not be painted with opaque material other than for SPU25 identification marking.The minimum embedment depth and minimum berm width shall be as follows:
